[PDF] Nanosensors : physical, chemical, and biological Vinod Kumar Khanna

“Because many chemical, biological, and physical sensors depend on interactions occurring at the nanoscale, the impact of nanotechnology on the sensor world is significant. Addressing research areas and challenges, this book describes nanosensor development from the viewpoints of materials, device structures, and functionalities. It starts from preliminary ideas and proceeds to state-of-the-art nanosensors. The book provides readers with information on the current state of nanotechnology-enabled sensors as well as their advantages, uniqueness, and limitations. It also indicates future research directions”–“Interesting developments have taken place in the sensor field in recent years. Nanotechnology holds a great potential for revolutionizing the sensor arena. Traditional sensors are being re-engineered and recast from the nanotechnology perspective, and new sensor designs are being introduced. Sensitivity, detection range and response time of sensors have been remarkably ameliorated by using nanotechnological methods. Faster, better, cheaper and smaller sensors are becoming available. Sensor development in the nanotechnology age, the focal theme of this book, is one of the hottest topics in contemporary research. The book presents a critical appraisal of the new opportunities provided by nanotechnologies, and the nanotechnology-enabled advancements in the field of sensors. Being a new topic, information on nanosensors is scattered in research journals and reports. There is a paucity of books in this area. This book is intended to fill this long-felt need. Bringing together the widely spread information between the covers of an easy-to-read book will be helpful to all those working on nanosensors for instant reference and knowledge update”– Read more… Content: Introduction to Nanosensors Getting Started with Nanosensors Natural Sciences Physics Chemistry Biology Semiconductor Electronics Nanometer and Appreciation of Its Magnitude Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Nanomaterials and the Unusual Behavior at Nanoscales Moving toward Sensors and Transducers: Meaning of Terms “Sensors” and “Transducers” Definition of Sensor Parameters and Characteristics Evolution of Semiconductor-Based Microsensors From Macrosensor to Microsensor Age and Necessity of Nanoscale Measurements Definition and Classification of Nanosensors Physical, Chemical, and Biological Nanosensors Some Examples of Nanosensors Getting Familiar with Analytical and Characterization Tools: Microscopic Techniques to View Nanomaterials and Nanosensors Spectroscopic Techniques for Analyzing Chemical Composition of Nanomaterials and Nanosensors The Displacement Nanosensor: STM The Force Nanosensor: AFM Outline and Organization of the Book Discussion and Conclusions Materials for Nanosensors Introduction Nanoparticles or Nanoscale Particles, and Importance of the Intermediate Regime between Atoms and Molecules, and Bulk Matter Classification of Nanoparticles on the Basis of Their Composition and Occurrence Core/Shell-Structured Nanoparticles Shape Dependence of Properties at Nanoscale Dependence of Properties of Nanoparticles on Particle Size Surface Energy of a Solid Metallic Nanoparticles and Plasmons Optical Properties of Bulk Metals and Metallic Nanoparticles Parameters Controlling the Position of Surface Plasmon Band of Nanoparticles Quantum Confinement Quantum Dots Carbon Nanotubes Inorganic Nanowires Nanoporous Materials Discussion and Conclusions Nanosensor Laboratory Introduction Nanotechnology Division Micro- and Nanoelectronics Division MEMS and NEMS Division Biochemistry Division Chemistry Division Nanosensor Characterization Division Nanosensor Powering, Signal Processing, and Communication Division Discussion and Conclusions Mechanical Nanosensors Introduction Nanogram Mass Sensing by Quartz Crystal Microbalance Attogram (10ae’18 g) and Zeptogram (10ae’21 g) Mass Sensing by MEMS/NEMS Resonators Electron Tunneling Displacement Nanosensor Coulomb Blockade Electrometer-Based Displacement Nanosensor Nanometer-Scale Displacement Sensing by Single-Electron Transistor Magnetomotive Displacement Nanosensor Piezoresistive and Piezoelectric Displacement Nanosensors Optical Displacement Nanosensor Femtonewton Force Sensors Using Doubly Clamped Suspended Carbon Nanotube Resonators Suspended CNT Electromechanical Sensors for Displacement and Force Membrane-Based CNT Electromechanical Pressure Sensor Tunnel Effect Accelerometer NEMS Accelerometer Silicon Nanowire Accelerometer CNT Flow Sensor for Ionic Solutions Discussion and Conclusions Thermal Nanosensors Introduction Nanoscale Thermocouple Formed by Tungsten and Platinum Nanosize Strips Resistive Thermal Nanosensor Fabricated by Focused Ion Beam Chemical Vapor Deposition “Carbon-Nanowire-on-Diamond” Resistive Temperature Nanosensor Carbon Nanotube Grown on Nickel Film as Resistive Low-Temperature (10-300 K) Nanosensor Laterally Grown CNT between Two Microelectrodes as Resistive Temperature Nanosensor Silicon Nanowire Temperature Nanosensors: Resistors and Diode Structures Ratiometric Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Temperature Sensing Er3+/Yb3+ Co-Doped Gd2O3 Nano-Phosphor as Temperature Nanosensor Using Fluorescence Intensity Ratio Technique Optical Heating of Yb3+-Er3+ Co-Doped Fluoride Nanoparticles and Distant Temperature Sensing through Luminescence Porphyrin-Containing Copolymer as Thermochromic Nanosensor Silicon-Micromachined Scanning Thermal Profiler Superconducting Hot Electron Nanobolometers Thermal Convective Accelerometer Using CNT Sensing Element SWCNT Sensor for Airflow Measurement Vacuum Pressure and Flow Velocity Sensors Using Batch-Processed CNT Wall Nanogap Pirani Gauge Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Nanocomposite as Conductivity Response Infrared Nanosensor Nanocalorimetry Discussion and Conclusions Optical Nanosensors Introduction Noble-Metal Nanoparticles with LSPR and UV-Visible Spectroscopy Nanosensors Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Colloidal SPR Colorimetric Gold Nanoparticle Spectrophotometric Sensor Fiber-Optic Nanosensors Nanograting-Based Optical Accelerometer Fluorescent pH-Sensitive Nanosensors Disadvantages of Optical Fiber and Fluorescent Nanosensors for Living Cell Studies PEBBLE Nanosensors to Measure the Intracellular Environment Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Labels Quantum Dot FRET-Based Probes Electrochemiluminescent Nanosensors for Remote Detection Crossed Zinc Oxide Nanorods as Resistive UV Nanosensors Discussion and Conclusions Magnetic Nanosensors Introduction Magnetoresistance Sensors Tunneling Magnetoresistance Limitations, Advantages, and Applications of GMR and TMR Sensors Magnetic Nanoparticle Probes for Studying Molecular Interactions Protease-Specific Nanosensors for MRI Magnetic Relaxation Switch Immunosensors Magneto Nanosensor Microarray Biochip Needle-Type SV-GMR Sensor for Biomedical Applications Superconductive Magnetic Nanosensor Electron Tunneling-Based Magnetic Field Sensor Nanowire Magnetic Compass and Position Sensor Discussion and Conclusions Nanobiosensors Introduction Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Biosensors CNT-Based Electrochemical Biosensors Functionalization of CNTs for Biosensor Fabrication Quantum Dot-Based Electrochemical Biosensors Nanotube- and Nanowire-Based FET Nanobiosensors Cantilever-Based Nanobiosensors Optical Nanobiosensors Biochips (or Microarrays) Discussion and Conclusions Chemical Nanosensors Introduction Gas Sensors Based on Nanomaterials Metallic Nanoparticle-Based Gas Sensors Metal Oxide Gas Sensors Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors Porous Silicon-Based Gas Sensor Thin Organic Polymer Film-Based Gas Sensors Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers as Humidity Sensors Toward Large Nanosensor Arrays and Nanoelectronic Nose CNT-, Nanowire-, and Nanobelt-Based Chemical Nanosensors Optochemical Nanosensors Discussion and Conclusions Future Trends of Nanosensors Introduction Scanning Tunneling Microscope Atomic Force Microscope Mechanical Nanosensors Thermal Nanosensors Optical Nanosensors Magnetic Nanosensors Nanobiosensors Chemical Nanosensors Nanosensor Fabrication Aspects In Vivo Nanosensor Problems Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Biosensors Interfacing Issues for Nanosensors: Power Consumption and Sample Delivery Problems Depletion-Mediated Piezoelectric Actuation for NEMS Discussion and Conclusions Index Review Exercises and References appear at the end of each chapter. Abstract: “Because many chemical, biological, and physical sensors depend on interactions occurring at the nanoscale, the impact of nanotechnology on the sensor world is significant. Addressing research areas and challenges, this book describes nanosensor development from the viewpoints of materials, device structures, and functionalities. It starts from preliminary ideas and proceeds to state-of-the-art nanosensors. The book provides readers with information on the current state of nanotechnology-enabled sensors as well as their advantages, uniqueness, and limitations. It also indicates future research directions”–“Interesting developments have taken place in the sensor field in recent years. Nanotechnology holds a great potential for revolutionizing the sensor arena. Traditional sensors are being re-engineered and recast from the nanotechnology perspective, and new sensor designs are being introduced. Sensitivity, detection range and response time of sensors have been remarkably ameliorated by using nanotechnological methods. Faster, better, cheaper and smaller sensors are becoming available. Sensor development in the nanotechnology age, the focal theme of this book, is one of the hottest topics in contemporary research. The book presents a critical appraisal of the new opportunities provided by nanotechnologies, and the nanotechnology-enabled advancements in the field of sensors. Being a new topic, information on nanosensors is scattered in research journals and reports. There is a paucity of books in this area. This book is intended to fill this long-felt need. Bringing together the widely spread information between the covers of an easy-to-read book will be helpful to all those working on nanosensors for instant reference and knowledge update”